HCC1 Glucose Regulation Practice Test

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• In DKA, why is potassium often normal or elevated at presentation despite total body potassium depletion?
• Which statement best distinguishes Type 1 diabetes from Type 2 diabetes?
• Which of the following best describes the typical presentation of a child with newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetes?
• What is the mechanism of action of DPP-4 inhibitors?
• How is hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) distinguished from DKA clinically and biochemically?
• Diabetic ketoacidosis is best described as which combination of findings?
• What is the recommended treatment for severe hypoglycemia in a patient who cannot swallow?
• While obtaining a client's health history, which factor would the nurse identify as predisposing the client to type 2 diabetes?
• Which condition is most consistent with a hypoglycemic reaction in a client with diabetes after morning insulin?
• What does eAG stand for in diabetes management?
• Which chemical buffers excessive acetoacetic acid?
• Pioglitazone belongs to which class of diabetes medications?
• The nurse teaches a client with type 1 diabetes about signs of hypoglycemia. The client should know to drink orange juice in response to which symptom?
• For a client with type 1 diabetes who has elevated blood glucose, which intervention is appropriate?
• How does skeletal muscle contraction increase glucose uptake independently of insulin?
• During treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis, which electrolyte disturbance is most important to monitor to prevent complications from insulin therapy?
• A client who self-administered morning regular insulin and NPH, after a light breakfast with no intake for 3 hours, becomes weak and nervous with confusion. Which condition best explains this scenario?
• Which short-term goal is the priority for a client with a new insulin pump who is receiving discharge instructions?
• What is the typical initial management step for a patient presenting with suspected DKA in the emergency department?
• In insulin signaling, which protein acts immediately downstream of the receptor to promote GLUT4 translocation?
• Which action is most appropriate when a client with diabetes reports increased thirst and frequent urination?
• SGLT2 inhibitors act in which part of the nephron to block glucose reabsorption?
• A client recently diagnosed with type 1 diabetes would most likely report which clinical manifestation during health history?
• What best describes a basal-bolus insulin regimen?
• Before administering a regular insulin dose, which action is most appropriate?
• Which finding would most strongly indicate hyperglycemia in a client receiving total parenteral nutrition?
• What range defines impaired fasting glucose?
• Which action should the nurse take first when a client reports hunger, thirst, and fatigue with polyuria?
• To avoid lipodystrophy in insulin therapy, which practice should the client follow?
• Which symptom is more characteristic of adrenergic hypoglycemia?
• What is the most effective way to prevent hypoglycemia during insulin therapy?
• What fasting plasma glucose level defines diabetes when confirmed on a separate day?
• Which statement best describes insulin's effect on hepatic glucose production and glycogen storage?
• What are common signs of diabetic neuropathy and basic foot care recommendations?
• In diabetic ketoacidosis, when should fluids be changed from normal saline to dextrose-containing fluids?
• What key laboratory abnormalities characterize diabetic ketoacidosis?
• Which ketone bodies are elevated in diabetic ketoacidosis and how are they detected?
• What is the first-line oral agent for most adults with type 2 diabetes and its primary mechanism?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between obesity and incretin effect in glucose regulation?
• Which condition is a major contraindication to metformin therapy?
• Which term best describes a condition of low blood glucose resulting from insulin therapy?
• How do GLP-1 receptor agonists improve glucose control beyond insulin secretion?
• C-peptide testing is indicated in the evaluation of diabetes for which purpose?
• A client with type 1 diabetes newly diagnosed is learning to self-administer injections with an insulin pen. Which of the following actions is NOT recommended during injection technique?
• NPH insulin is classified as which type of insulin?
• What is the hallmark of diabetic nephropathy, and an early marker?
• Which hormones are primarily responsible for pregnancy-induced insulin resistance?
• Type 1 diabetes is primarily characterized by which pathophysiology?
• Which statement best describes the effect of exercise on hypoglycemia risk in a patient taking glyburide?
• Diabetes management involves understanding the processing of insulin. Which statement best reflects the role of insulin in glucose transport?
• Between which weeks of gestation would a client with type 1 diabetes expect to increase her insulin dosage?
• Which test is considered the most accurate in evaluating the effectiveness of diet and insulin therapy over time?
• Metformin primarily acts by which mechanism?
• What is the difference between glycemic index and glycemic load?
• Which statement explains a primary cause of diabetic acidosis?
• What is the role of glucagon in glucose regulation and when is it used clinically?
• Which condition is associated with severe dehydration and high blood glucose with no significant ketosis?
• What are the ADA diagnostic thresholds for diabetes using A1c, FPG, and OGTT?
• Which autoantibodies are commonly present at the onset of type 1 diabetes?
• What roles do alpha and delta cells play in glucose regulation?
• Which statement best explains why insulin deficiency predisposes to ketoacidosis?
• Hypoglycemia unawareness is characterized by which of the following?
• Which medication is responsible for neonatal hypoglycemia?
• Diabetes increases macrovascular risk primarily through accelerated atherosclerosis leading to which conditions?
• How does chronic hyperglycemia affect wound healing?
• Which event best explains why blood glucose levels may remain elevated after surgery in a patient with type 1 diabetes?
• Which type of insulin would the nurse recognize as compatible with IV solutions when caring for a client with diabetes mellitus who is scheduled to recieve an intravenous (IV) administration of 25 units of insulin in 250 mL normal saline?
• Which adverse effect of metformin will a nurse teach a client with type 2 diabetes to monitor for when used as monotherapy?
• What is the primary cardiovascular risk associated with diabetes?
• Which postprandial hyperglycemia management agent among the following is commonly used?
• In DKA, describe the relationship between serum potassium, total body potassium status, and insulin therapy.
• Outline the initial management steps for DKA, including fluids and when to start insulin therapy.
• Which statement best describes considerations when teaching a client with type 2 diabetes about an oral hypoglycemic medication?
• Which set of symptoms is most characteristic of hypoglycemia in a person with diabetes?
• Low or absent C-peptide is most consistent with which type of diabetes?
• Which glucose-lowering agent has demonstrated cardiovascular benefit in patients with established ASCVD?
• Which finding would lead the nurse to recheck the blood glucose level of a diabetic client before administering a mealtime insulin dose?
• In gestation, insulin requirements for a person with preexisting type 1 diabetes typically increase during which period?
• What is a typical hospital management strategy for non-ICU diabetic patients with hyperglycemia?
• Before major surgery, a client with type 1 diabetes has insulin requirements that are elevated but well controlled. What would you anticipate postoperatively?
• Which condition would the nurse associate the response of diaphoresis, weakness, and pallor at 3:00 PM in a client with type 1 diabetes who receives 30 units of neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin at 7:00 AM?
• What macrovascular risks are increased with diabetes?
• Which factor increases risk for metformin-associated lactic acidosis?
• Which diagnosis is most likely when there is hyperglycemia, dehydration, metabolic acidosis with a high anion gap, and ketones are present?
• If risk factors for diabetic retinopathy are present, how might screening frequency change?
• What major adverse effect of metformin requires monitoring during illness or dehydration?
• Using the HbA1c to estimated mean plasma glucose conversion, what is the approximate mean plasma glucose for an HbA1c of 7%?
• Which insulin type is rapid-acting and used for mealtime coverage?
• What is the primary long-term goal when teaching a client newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes about self-care?
• What are incretins and what is their effect on insulin secretion?
• Which population requires tighter monitoring for hypoglycemia risk when using sulfonylureas or insulin?
• HbA1c reflects average blood glucose over approximately what timeframe?
• What is the role of C-peptide in differentiating diabetes types?
• Which signaling pathways are involved in translocating GLUT4 to the cell surface in response to insulin and in response to exercise?
• Which statement about GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors is true?
• How does insulin regulate glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue?
• In a pregnant client with type 1 diabetes, which complication risk is increased?
• What is the pathophysiology behind the dawn phenomenon and how is it managed?
• During dehydration or acute illness, why is metformin often held?
• Which insulin would be most appropriate for intravenous administration in a patient receiving IV fluids?
• Which sign is not typically associated with hypoglycemia?
• During DKA treatment, if potassium is less than 3.3 mEq/L, what is the recommended action?
• What are common adverse effects of SGLT2 inhibitors besides DKA?
• Under what condition is bicarbonate therapy indicated in DKA?
• Which finding would prompt the nurse to recheck the client's blood glucose level before administering a mealtime insulin dose?
• How does obesity influence incretin effect and insulin resistance?
• Which three microvascular complications are most commonly associated with diabetes?
• Which glucose transporter does the liver use for glucose entry that is independent of insulin?
• In non-ICU inpatients with hyperglycemia, what is the typical target blood glucose range?
• What is the primary long-term goal in self-care for a client with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes?
• Which statement accurately describes the primary mechanism leading to diabetic coma?
• What is the role of kidney function in the use of SGLT2 inhibitors?
• What is the mechanism of metformin-associated lactic acidosis risk?
• Which statement best differentiates type 1 from type 2 diabetes at disease onset?
• In pregnancy, what is the preferred initial management for gestational diabetes?
• Which advice will the nurse provide to a client who is taking an oral hypoglycemic daily for type 2 diabetes who develops an infection with anorexia?
• Which statement accurately contrasts type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
• Which combination of findings best characterizes diabetic ketoacidosis?
• Which statement about the dawn phenomenon is true?
• Which statement correctly describes insulin therapy for a newly diagnosed adolescent with type 1 diabetes?
• The risk for which pregnancy complication is increased in the client with type 1 diabetes mellitus?
• What is the difference between normal saline and half-normal saline use in DKA fluid resuscitation?
• Name the key glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes and how they are regulated by insulin and glucagon.
• Which biomarker serves as an early indicator of diabetic nephropathy?
• What is the mechanism of action of pioglitazone and its major adverse effects?
• Which condition is likely being experienced by a client receiving NPH insulin every morning who reports feeling nervous at 4:30 PM and has skin that is moist and cool?
• Malnutrition increases hypoglycemia risk for patients taking sulfonylureas or insulin. Which option best reflects this risk?
• What is the mechanism of action of acarbose and when is it used?
• Which statement best differentiates diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) from lactic acidosis in terms ketone bodies and insulin deficiency?
• What are typical fasting and postprandial glucose targets for nonpregnant adults with diabetes?
• How is corrected sodium calculated in hyperglycemia?
• When educating about fasting before a serum glucose test, which is the correct instruction?
• Which metabolic change characterizes diabetic ketoacidosis and leads to acidosis?
• A full-term infant who is large for gestational age should be monitored for which risk?
• Which part of the kidney reabsorbs glucose and amino acids?
• How does diabetic ketoacidosis differ from hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state in terms of ketone production?
• What is a common A1c target for many nonpregnant adults with diabetes?
• Which hormone inhibits both insulin and glucagon secretion?
• Which response would the nurse give to a client with type 1 diabetes who asks what causes several brown spots on the skin?
• Which action would be taken by the nurse caring for a client with type 1 diabetes mellitus who has a finger-stick glucose level of 258 mg/dL (14.3 mmol/L) at bedtime and a prescription for sliding-scale regular insulin?
• Define hypoglycemia and describe treatment for conscious and unconscious patients.
• In DKA, which ketone body is the predominant circulating ketone contributing to metabolic acidosis?
• In untreated diabetes mellitus, which metabolic change most directly contributes to metabolic acidosis?
• What are common microvascular complications and their timeline with chronic hyperglycemia?
• Which explanation best describes why insulin cannot be taken orally, as commonly discussed in teaching sessions?
• What laboratory findings are typical of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state?
• Which substance accumulates and leads to acidosis in untreated diabetes mellitus?
• Which acid-base disturbance is most commonly associated with diabetic ketoacidosis?
• GLP-1 receptor agonists have several actions beyond insulin secretion. Which of the following is one of those actions?
• Which blood glucose level would be identified as hypoglycemia?
• Which mineral deficiency would a nurse suspect in a client who reports tingling in the fingers and around the mouth and exhibits carpopedal spasm and tremors after a surgical thyroidectomy?
• When would C-peptide testing be most informative?
• Why can't insulin be taken as a pill instead of injections?
• Which complication is most commonly associated with decreased glucose tolerance in a person with diabetes?
• For gestational diabetes screening using the 75 g OGTT, which is the correct 2-hour threshold?
• Which statement correctly distinguishes adrenergic from neuroglycopenic hypoglycemia symptoms?
• What is a unique risk associated with SGLT2 inhibitors?
• Which nursing assessment finding would indicate that a client receiving total parenteral nutrition has hyperglycemia?
• What does anion gap metabolic acidosis indicate in the context of DKA?
• What is the recommended management for a conscious patient with hypoglycemia who cannot eat?
• How does stress hyperglycemia differ from chronic diabetes?
• Which statement best describes the effect of insulin on lipolysis during diabetic ketoacidosis?
• What is the typical pattern of beta-cell function in early type 2 diabetes?
• Which diabetes drug classes carry a higher risk of hypoglycemia when used alone?
• Which statement about nitroprusside testing for ketones is true?
• An unconscious adolescent with type 1 diabetes presents with a blood glucose level of 742 mg/dL. Which finding would you expect on initial assessment?
• Which effect is associated with GLP-1 in addition to stimulating insulin secretion?
• Irregular meals increase hypoglycemia risk for patients on sulfonylureas or insulin. Which option best reflects this risk?
• What is the recommended inpatient glucose target range for non-critically ill adults?
• Which mechanism of action explains how glyburide decreases serum glucose levels?
• What is the diagnostic 2-hour plasma glucose threshold during a 75-g OGTT for diabetes?
• Which is the in-hospital blood glucose target range for most non-critically ill adults?
• Which hormone inhibits both insulin and glucagon secretion?
• Which is a risk factor of necrotizing enterocolitis in the preterm infant?
• Which adverse effect is associated with GLP-1 receptor agonists?
• C-peptide testing: preserved or high levels indicate which type of diabetes?
• Why is 15 grams of a simple sugar administered during hypoglycemia in a client with diabetes?
• How does weight management influence glucose regulation in type 2 diabetes?
• In DKA, what is the typical arterial blood gas finding?
• How does insulin therapy influence potassium and acid-base balance?
• In unconscious hypoglycemia, what is the recommended treatment?
• What is the primary mechanism of SGLT2 inhibitors?
• Which statement best explains why morning NPH insulin can cause hypoglycemia in the afternoon?
• Which test and criteria are used to screen for gestational diabetes?
• What is the primary action of glucagon on hepatic metabolism during fasting?
• In education for a client with type 2 diabetes starting an oral hypoglycemic, which statement should be addressed as a potential behavioral risk?
• In some sources, what value is used instead of 1.6 mEq/L for correcting sodium in hyperglycemia?
• In which clinical situation would glucagon be used to raise blood glucose?
• Which diagnosis is most likely when a client who is taking morning insulin experiences diaphoresis, weakness, and pallor in the midafternoon?
• In diabetic ketoacidosis, what are the typical pH and bicarbonate levels?
• A term infant large for gestational age is at risk for which metabolic complication?
• In preparing for a serum glucose test, which instruction is correct?
• Which finding is associated with diabetic ketoacidosis?
• What is the sick-day management principle for patients with diabetes?
• SGLT2 inhibitors have a unique risk of euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis. During which circumstances is this risk heightened?
• Which formula is most preferable for an infant with lactose intolerance?
• Which practice helps prevent lipodystrophy when using insulin therapy?
• Which are typical autonomic and neuroglycopenic symptoms of hypoglycemia, and how is a conscious patient treated?
• Which statement best explains why brown spots appear on the skin of a client with type 1 diabetes?
• Which statement best informs an adolescent with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes about insulin needs?
• Which statement is most characteristic of DKA regarding ketone presence?
• A patient with newly diagnosed diabetes asks about signs that require immediate attention for hypoglycemia. Which symptom is most concerning and requires fast treatment?
• Which hormones predominantly raise hepatic glucose production during fasting?
• Before initiating insulin therapy in suspected DKA, what parameter should be assessed?
• What plasma glucose value at 2 hours after a 75 g oral glucose load defines diabetes?
• A client’s breath has a sweet, fruity odor. Which condition is most likely?
• Which condition increases hypoglycemia risk with sulfonylureas or insulin due to impaired clearance?
• Which statement about C-peptide in distinguishing diabetes types is true?
• In discussing erectile dysfunction with a man who has diabetes, which response is most appropriate as an initial nursing intervention?
• Which diabetes drug classes are commonly associated with weight loss?
• Which guidance is appropriate when discussing diabetes with a parent of a child who plays on a soccer team?
• Which response indicates hyperglycemia in a client receiving total parenteral nutrition?
• An HbA1c of 6.5% or higher is diagnostic for which condition?
• In response to insulin, which transporter moves to the cell membrane to promote glucose entry into muscle and adipose tissue?
• A post-surgical client on TPN via a central venous infusion reports nausea, fatigue, and headache during the fourth hour, with hourly urine output doubling. What action should the nurse take first?
• Which complication associated with type 1 diabetes should the nurse include in the teaching plan for the parent of a newly diagnosed child?
• Which CGM target range is used for time-in-range?
• Which factor is most strongly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes in adults?
• What are the typical laboratory criteria for diagnosing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
• Which symptom combination is most indicative of hypoglycemia in a client using insulin?
• Sulfonylureas lower blood glucose by what mechanism, and what is a major adverse effect?
• Metformin primarily lowers fasting glucose by suppressing hepatic gluconeogenesis and increasing insulin sensitivity. Which organ is most directly targeted by metformin's action to reduce hepatic glucose output?
• How is glycemic load calculated?
• What is the standard first-line treatment for gestational diabetes?
• Which of the following are common precipitating factors for DKA and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)?
• What is the recommended screening frequency for diabetic retinopathy?
• Why is blood glucose self-monitoring preferred over urine glucose testing?
• What is time-in-range (TIR) in CGM monitoring and why is it important?
• Which symptom is most specific for hypoglycemia in a patient receiving insulin therapy?
• What is the mechanism of action of DPP-4 inhibitors in glucose regulation?
• What mechanisms link chronic hyperglycemia to impaired wound healing and infection risk?
• Which test provides an estimate of long-term glycemic control by measuring glucose-bound hemoglobin?
• Pioglitazone belongs to which class of diabetes medications?
• How does exercise acutely increase glucose uptake by muscles?
• Incretin hormones primarily promote insulin secretion in response to meals. Which statement best describes their action?
• Which signaling cascade mediates insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue?
• What fasting glucose level defines prediabetes?
• Between which weeks of gestation would a client with type 1 diabetes expect to increase her insulin dosage?
• A client with type 2 diabetes on glyburide asks whether they should take an extra tablet before exercise. What is the best nursing response?
• A typical target range for time-in-range (TIR) in CGM is which of the following?